DoS Protection Profiles
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Next-Generation Firewall Docs
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PAN-OS 10.1
- PAN-OS 11.1 & Later
- PAN-OS 11.0 (EoL)
- PAN-OS 10.2
- PAN-OS 10.1
- PAN-OS 10.0 (EoL)
- PAN-OS 9.1 (EoL)
- Cloud Management of NGFWs
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- Management Interfaces
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- Launch the Web Interface
- Configure Banners, Message of the Day, and Logos
- Use the Administrator Login Activity Indicators to Detect Account Misuse
- Manage and Monitor Administrative Tasks
- Commit, Validate, and Preview Firewall Configuration Changes
- Export Configuration Table Data
- Use Global Find to Search the Firewall or Panorama Management Server
- Manage Locks for Restricting Configuration Changes
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- Define Access to the Web Interface Tabs
- Provide Granular Access to the Monitor Tab
- Provide Granular Access to the Policy Tab
- Provide Granular Access to the Objects Tab
- Provide Granular Access to the Network Tab
- Provide Granular Access to the Device Tab
- Define User Privacy Settings in the Admin Role Profile
- Restrict Administrator Access to Commit and Validate Functions
- Provide Granular Access to Global Settings
- Provide Granular Access to the Panorama Tab
- Provide Granular Access to Operations Settings
- Panorama Web Interface Access Privileges
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- Reset the Firewall to Factory Default Settings
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- Plan Your Authentication Deployment
- Pre-Logon for SAML Authentication
- Configure SAML Authentication
- Configure Kerberos Single Sign-On
- Configure Kerberos Server Authentication
- Configure TACACS+ Authentication
- Configure RADIUS Authentication
- Configure LDAP Authentication
- Configure Local Database Authentication
- Configure an Authentication Profile and Sequence
- Test Authentication Server Connectivity
- Troubleshoot Authentication Issues
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- Keys and Certificates
- Default Trusted Certificate Authorities (CAs)
- Certificate Deployment
- Configure the Master Key
- Export a Certificate and Private Key
- Configure a Certificate Profile
- Configure an SSL/TLS Service Profile
- Configure an SSH Service Profile
- Replace the Certificate for Inbound Management Traffic
- Configure the Key Size for SSL Forward Proxy Server Certificates
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- HA Overview
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- Prerequisites for Active/Active HA
- Configure Active/Active HA
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- Use Case: Configure Active/Active HA with Route-Based Redundancy
- Use Case: Configure Active/Active HA with Floating IP Addresses
- Use Case: Configure Active/Active HA with ARP Load-Sharing
- Use Case: Configure Active/Active HA with Floating IP Address Bound to Active-Primary Firewall
- Use Case: Configure Active/Active HA with Source DIPP NAT Using Floating IP Addresses
- Use Case: Configure Separate Source NAT IP Address Pools for Active/Active HA Firewalls
- Use Case: Configure Active/Active HA for ARP Load-Sharing with Destination NAT
- Use Case: Configure Active/Active HA for ARP Load-Sharing with Destination NAT in Layer 3
- HA Clustering Overview
- HA Clustering Best Practices and Provisioning
- Configure HA Clustering
- Refresh HA1 SSH Keys and Configure Key Options
- HA Firewall States
- Reference: HA Synchronization
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- Use the Dashboard
- Monitor Applications and Threats
- Monitor Block List
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- Report Types
- View Reports
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- Manage PDF Summary Reports
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- View Policy Rule Usage
- Use External Services for Monitoring
- Configure Log Forwarding
- Configure Email Alerts
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- Configure Syslog Monitoring
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- Traffic Log Fields
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- Syslog Severity
- Custom Log/Event Format
- Escape Sequences
- Forward Logs to an HTTP/S Destination
- Firewall Interface Identifiers in SNMP Managers and NetFlow Collectors
- Monitor Transceivers
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- User-ID Overview
- Enable User-ID
- Map Users to Groups
- Enable User- and Group-Based Policy
- Enable Policy for Users with Multiple Accounts
- Verify the User-ID Configuration
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- App-ID Overview
- App-ID and HTTP/2 Inspection
- Manage Custom or Unknown Applications
- Safely Enable Applications on Default Ports
- Applications with Implicit Support
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- Prepare to Deploy App-ID Cloud Engine
- Enable or Disable the App-ID Cloud Engine
- App-ID Cloud Engine Processing and Usage
- New App Viewer (Policy Optimizer)
- Add Apps to an Application Filter with Policy Optimizer
- Add Apps to an Application Group with Policy Optimizer
- Add Apps Directly to a Rule with Policy Optimizer
- Replace an RMA Firewall (ACE)
- Impact of License Expiration or Disabling ACE
- Commit Failure Due to Cloud Content Rollback
- Troubleshoot App-ID Cloud Engine
- Application Level Gateways
- Disable the SIP Application-level Gateway (ALG)
- Maintain Custom Timeouts for Data Center Applications
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- Decryption Overview
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- Keys and Certificates for Decryption Policies
- SSL Forward Proxy
- SSL Forward Proxy Decryption Profile
- SSL Inbound Inspection
- SSL Inbound Inspection Decryption Profile
- SSL Protocol Settings Decryption Profile
- SSH Proxy
- SSH Proxy Decryption Profile
- Profile for No Decryption
- SSL Decryption for Elliptical Curve Cryptography (ECC) Certificates
- Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS) Support for SSL Decryption
- SSL Decryption and Subject Alternative Names (SANs)
- TLSv1.3 Decryption
- High Availability Not Supported for Decrypted Sessions
- Decryption Mirroring
- Configure SSL Forward Proxy
- Configure SSL Inbound Inspection
- Configure SSH Proxy
- Configure Server Certificate Verification for Undecrypted Traffic
- Enable Users to Opt Out of SSL Decryption
- Temporarily Disable SSL Decryption
- Configure Decryption Port Mirroring
- Verify Decryption
- Activate Free Licenses for Decryption Features
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- Policy Types
- Policy Objects
- Track Rules Within a Rulebase
- Enforce Policy Rule Description, Tag, and Audit Comment
- Move or Clone a Policy Rule or Object to a Different Virtual System
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- External Dynamic List
- Built-in External Dynamic Lists
- Configure the Firewall to Access an External Dynamic List
- Retrieve an External Dynamic List from the Web Server
- View External Dynamic List Entries
- Exclude Entries from an External Dynamic List
- Enforce Policy on an External Dynamic List
- Find External Dynamic Lists That Failed Authentication
- Disable Authentication for an External Dynamic List
- Register IP Addresses and Tags Dynamically
- Use Dynamic User Groups in Policy
- Use Auto-Tagging to Automate Security Actions
- CLI Commands for Dynamic IP Addresses and Tags
- Application Override Policy
- Test Policy Rules
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- Network Segmentation Using Zones
- How Do Zones Protect the Network?
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PAN-OS 11.1 & Later
- PAN-OS 11.1 & Later
- PAN-OS 11.0 (EoL)
- PAN-OS 10.2
- PAN-OS 10.1
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- Tap Interfaces
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- Layer 2 and Layer 3 Packets over a Virtual Wire
- Port Speeds of Virtual Wire Interfaces
- LLDP over a Virtual Wire
- Aggregated Interfaces for a Virtual Wire
- Virtual Wire Support of High Availability
- Zone Protection for a Virtual Wire Interface
- VLAN-Tagged Traffic
- Virtual Wire Subinterfaces
- Configure Virtual Wires
- Configure a PPPoE Client on a Subinterface
- Configure an IPv6 PPPoE Client
- Configure an Aggregate Interface Group
- Configure Bonjour Reflector for Network Segmentation
- Use Interface Management Profiles to Restrict Access
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- DHCP Overview
- Firewall as a DHCP Server and Client
- Firewall as a DHCPv6 Client
- DHCP Messages
- Dynamic IPv6 Addressing on the Management Interface
- Configure an Interface as a DHCP Server
- Configure an Interface as a DHCPv4 Client
- Configure an Interface as a DHCPv6 Client with Prefix Delegation
- Configure the Management Interface as a DHCP Client
- Configure the Management Interface for Dynamic IPv6 Address Assignment
- Configure an Interface as a DHCP Relay Agent
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- DNS Overview
- DNS Proxy Object
- DNS Server Profile
- Multi-Tenant DNS Deployments
- Configure a DNS Proxy Object
- Configure a DNS Server Profile
- Use Case 1: Firewall Requires DNS Resolution
- Use Case 2: ISP Tenant Uses DNS Proxy to Handle DNS Resolution for Security Policies, Reporting, and Services within its Virtual System
- Use Case 3: Firewall Acts as DNS Proxy Between Client and Server
- DNS Proxy Rule and FQDN Matching
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- NAT Rule Capacities
- Dynamic IP and Port NAT Oversubscription
- Dataplane NAT Memory Statistics
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- Translate Internal Client IP Addresses to Your Public IP Address (Source DIPP NAT)
- Create a Source NAT Rule with Persistent DIPP
- PAN-OS
- Strata Cloud Manager
- Enable Clients on the Internal Network to Access your Public Servers (Destination U-Turn NAT)
- Enable Bi-Directional Address Translation for Your Public-Facing Servers (Static Source NAT)
- Configure Destination NAT with DNS Rewrite
- Configure Destination NAT Using Dynamic IP Addresses
- Modify the Oversubscription Rate for DIPP NAT
- Reserve Dynamic IP NAT Addresses
- Disable NAT for a Specific Host or Interface
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- Network Packet Broker Overview
- How Network Packet Broker Works
- Prepare to Deploy Network Packet Broker
- Configure Transparent Bridge Security Chains
- Configure Routed Layer 3 Security Chains
- Network Packet Broker HA Support
- User Interface Changes for Network Packet Broker
- Limitations of Network Packet Broker
- Troubleshoot Network Packet Broker
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- Enable Advanced Routing
- Logical Router Overview
- Configure a Logical Router
- Create a Static Route
- Configure BGP on an Advanced Routing Engine
- Create BGP Routing Profiles
- Create Filters for the Advanced Routing Engine
- Configure OSPFv2 on an Advanced Routing Engine
- Create OSPF Routing Profiles
- Configure OSPFv3 on an Advanced Routing Engine
- Create OSPFv3 Routing Profiles
- Configure RIPv2 on an Advanced Routing Engine
- Create RIPv2 Routing Profiles
- Create BFD Profiles
- Configure IPv4 Multicast
- Configure MSDP
- Create Multicast Routing Profiles
- Create an IPv4 MRoute
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PAN-OS 11.2
- PAN-OS 11.2
- PAN-OS 11.1
- PAN-OS 11.0 (EoL)
- PAN-OS 10.2
- PAN-OS 10.1
- PAN-OS 10.0 (EoL)
- PAN-OS 9.1 (EoL)
- PAN-OS 9.0 (EoL)
- PAN-OS 8.1 (EoL)
- Cloud Management and AIOps for NGFW
DoS Protection Profiles
Protect groups of devices and critical individual devices
from flood attacks, and limit the maximum concurrent sessions for
resources.
DoS Protection profiles set thresholds that protect against new session IP
flood attacks and provide resource protection (maximum concurrent
session limits for specified endpoints and resources). DoS Protection
profiles protect specific devices (classified profiles) and groups
of devices (aggregate profiles) against SYN, UDP, ICMP, ICMPv6,
and Other IP flood attacks. Configuring Flood Protection thresholds
in a DoS Protection profile is similar to configuring Flood Protection in a Zone
Protection profile, but Zone Protection profiles protect entire
ingress zones, while DoS protection profiles and policy rules are granular
and targeted, and can even be classified to a single device (IP
address). The firewall measures the aggregate number of connections-per-second
(CPS) to a group of devices (aggregate profile) or measures the
CPS to individual devices (classified profile).
Measure and monitor firewall dataplane CPU consumption
to ensure that each firewall is properly sized to support DoS and
Zone Protection and any other features that consume CPU cycles,
such as decryption. If you use Panorama to manage your firewalls, Device Monitoring (PanoramaManaged DevicesHealthAll Devices)
shows you the CPU and memory consumption of each managed firewall.
It can also show you a 90-day trend line of CPU average and peak
use to help you understand the typical available capacity of each
firewall.
For each flood type, you set three thresholds for new CPS to
a group of devices (aggregate) or to individual devices (classified) and
a Block Duration, and you can set a drop Action for
SYN floods:
- Alarm Rate—When new CPS exceeds this threshold, the firewall generates a DoS alarm. For classified profiles, set the rate to 15-20% above the device’s average CPS rate so that normal fluctuations don’t cause alerts. For aggregate profiles, set the rate to 15-20% above the group’s average CPS rate.
- Activate Rate—When new CPS exceeds this threshold, the firewall begins to drop new connections to mitigate the flood until the CPS rate drops below the threshold. For classified profiles, the Max Rate should be an acceptable CPS rate for the device(s) you’re protecting (the Max Rate won’t flood the critical device(s)). You can set the Activate Rate to the same threshold as the Max Rate so that the firewall doesn’t use RED or SYN Cookies to begin dropping traffic before it reaches the Max Rate. Set the Activate Rate lower than the Max Rate only if you want to drop traffic before it reaches the Max Rate. For aggregate profiles, set the threshold just above the average peak CPS rate for the group to begin mitigating floods using RED (or SYN Cookies for SYN floods).
- Max Rate—When new CPS exceeds this threshold, the firewall blocks (drops) all new connections from the offending IP address for the specified Block Duration time period. For classified profiles, base the Max Rate threshold on the capacity of the device(s) you’re protecting so that the CPS rate can’t flood them. For aggregate profiles, set to 80-90% of the group’s capacity.
- Block Duration—When new CPS exceeds the Max Rate, the firewall blocks new connections from the offending IP address. The Block Duration specifies the amount of time the firewall continues to block the IP address’s new connections. While the firewall blocks new connections, it doesn’t count incoming connections and doesn’t increment the threshold counters. For classified and aggregate profiles, use the default value (300 seconds) to block the attacking session without penalizing legitimate sessions from the source for too long a period of time.
SYN Flood Protection is the only type for which you set
the drop Action. Start by setting the Action to SYN
Cookies. SYN Cookies treats legitimate traffic fairly
and only drops traffic that fails the SYN handshake, while using
Random Early Drop drops traffic randomly, so RED may affect legitimate
traffic. However, SYN Cookies is more resource-intensive because
the firewall acts as a proxy for the target server and handles the
three-way handshake for the server. The tradeoff is not dropping
legitimate traffic (SYN Cookies) versus preserving firewall resources
(RED). Monitor the firewall, and if SYN Cookies consumes too many
resources, switch to RED. If you don’t have a dedicated DDoS prevention
device in front of the firewall, always use RED as the drop mechanism.
The default threshold values are high so that DoS Protection
profiles don’t unexpectedly drop legitimate traffic. Monitor connection
traffic and adjust the thresholds to values appropriate for your
network. Start by taking baseline measurements of average and peak
CPS for each flood type to determine the normal traffic conditions
for the critical devices you want to protect. Because normal traffic
loads experience some fluctuation, it’s best not to drop connections
too aggressively. Monitor and adjust the flood thresholds as needed
and as your network evolves.
Another method of setting flood thresholds is to use the baseline
measurements to set the maximum CPS you want to allow and work back
from there to derive reasonable flood mitigation alarm and activation
rates.
Firewalls with multiple dataplane processors (DPs) distribute
connections across DPs. In general, the firewall divides the CPS
threshold settings equally across its DPs. For example, if a firewall
has five DPs and you set the Alarm Rate to
20,000 CPS, each DP has an Alarm Rate of
4,000 CPS (20,000 / 5 = 4,000), so if the new sessions on a DP exceeds
4,000, it triggers the Alarm Rate threshold
for that DP.
In addition to setting IP flood thresholds, you can also use
DoS Protection profiles to detect and prevent session exhaustion attacks
in which a large number of hosts (bots) establish as many sessions
as possible to consume a target’s resources. On the profile’s Resources
Protection tab, you can set the maximum number of concurrent
sessions that the device(s) defined in the DoS Protection policy
rule to which you apply the profile can receive. When the number
of concurrent sessions reaches its maximum limit, new sessions are
dropped.
The maximum number of concurrent sessions to set depends on your
network context. Understand the number of concurrent sessions that
the resources you are protecting (defined in the DoS Protection
policy rule to which you attach the profile) can handle. Set the
threshold to approximately 80% of the resources’ capacity, then
monitor and adjust the threshold as needed.
For aggregate profiles, the Resources Protection threshold
applies to all traffic of the devices defined in the policy rule
(source and destination). For classified profiles, the Resources
Protection threshold applies to the traffic based on
whether the classified policy rule applies to the source IP only,
to the destination IP only, or to both the source and destination
IPs.