Device-ID Overview
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Next-Generation Firewall Docs
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- Cloud Management of NGFWs
- PAN-OS 10.0 (EoL)
- PAN-OS 10.1
- PAN-OS 10.2
- PAN-OS 11.0
- PAN-OS 11.1 & Later
- PAN-OS 9.1 (EoL)
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- PAN-OS 10.1
- PAN-OS 10.2
- PAN-OS 11.0
- PAN-OS 11.1 & Later
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- Cloud Management and AIOps for NGFW
- PAN-OS 10.0 (EoL)
- PAN-OS 10.1
- PAN-OS 10.2
- PAN-OS 11.0
- PAN-OS 11.1
- PAN-OS 11.2
- PAN-OS 8.1 (EoL)
- PAN-OS 9.0 (EoL)
- PAN-OS 9.1 (EoL)
Device-ID Overview
Learn about Device-ID.
According to the 2020 Unit 42 IoT Threat Report,
30% of all network-connected devices in an average enterprise are
IoT. This presents a constantly growing area of risk with many possibilities
for exploitation by malicious users. Additionally, once you identify
these devices, how do you secure them from vulnerabilities such
as outdated operating software? Using Device-ID™ on your firewalls,
you can get device context for events on your network, obtain policy rule
recommendations for those devices, write policy rules based on devices,
and enforce Security policy based on the recommendations.
Similar to how User-ID provides user-based policy and App-ID
provides app-based policy, Device-ID provides policy rules that
are based on a device, regardless of changes to its IP address or
location. By providing traceability for devices and associating
network events with specific devices, Device-ID allows you to gain
context for how events relate to devices and write policies that
are associated with devices, instead of users, locations, or IP
addresses, which can change over time. You can use Device-ID in
Security, Decryption, Quality of Service (QoS), and Authentication
policies.
For Device-ID features to be available on a firewall, you must
purchase an IoT Security subscription and select the firewall during
the IoT Security onboarding process. There
are two types of IoT Security subscriptions:
- IoT Security Subscription
- IoT Security – Doesn’t Require Data Lake (DRDL) Subscription
With the first subscription, firewalls send data logs to the
logging service, which streams them to IoT Security for analysis
and to a Cortex Data Lake instance
for storage. The data lake instance can either be a new or existing
one. With the second subscription, firewalls send data logs to the
logging service, which streams them to IoT Security for analysis
but not to a Cortex Data Lake instance for storage. It’s important
to note that both IoT Security and IoT Security (DRDL) subscriptions
provide the same functionality in terms of IoT Security and Device-ID.
To permit connections to IoT Security, a firewall needs a device
license; and to permit connections to the logging service, it needs
a logging service license. A firewall also requires a device certificate to
authenticate itself when connecting to IoT Security and the logging
service.
If you use PAN-OS version 8.1.0 through PAN-OS 9.1.x on a firewall,
the IoT Security license provides device classification, behavior
analysis, and threat analysis for your devices. If you use PAN-OS
10.1 or later, you can use Device-ID to obtain IP address-to-device
mappings to view device context for network events, use IoT Security
to obtain policy rule recommendations for these devices, and gain
visibility for devices in reports and the ACC.
You can create a device-based Security policy on any Panorama
or firewall that uses PAN-OS version 10.0 or later. To enforce the
Security policy, the device must have a valid IoT Security license.
To identify and classify devices, the IoT Security app uses metadata
from logs, network protocols, and sessions on the firewall. This
does not include private or sensitive information or data that is
not relevant for device identification. Metadata also forms the
basis of the expected behavior for the device, which then establishes the
criteria for the policy rule recommendation that defines what traffic
and protocols to allow for that device.
When a firewall imports security policy rule recommendations
and IP address-to-device mappings from IoT Security, the firewall
sends its device certificate to
an edge server to authenticate itself. The edge server authenticates
itself to the firewall by sending its own certificate. The firewall
uses Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) to validate the server’s
certificate by checking it against the following sites using HTTP
on TCP port 80:
- *.o.lencr.org
- x1.c.lencr.org
Panorama performs the same check to validate the edge server’s
certificate when Panorama imports policy rule recommendations from
IoT Security.
After IoT Security identifies and classifies the devices in your
network using the Palo Alto Networks firewalls already in your network,
so you don’t have to implement new devices or third-party solutions,
Device-ID can leverage this data to match devices with policy rules
and provide device context for network events. Through the visibility
that the firewall or Panorama provides for traffic, apps, users,
devices, and threats, you can instantly trace network events back
to individual devices and obtain Security policy rule recommendations
for securing those devices.
All firewall platforms that support PAN-OS 10.1 support Device-ID
and the IoT Security app with the exception of the VM-50 series,
the VM-200, the CN series, and Prisma Access.
There are six levels of classification (also known as attributes)
for devices:
Attribute | Example |
---|---|
Category | ATM Machine ; 3D Printer |
Profile | Palo Alto Networks Device |
Model | iPad |
OS Version | iOS 9.9.3 |
OS Family | Android ; iOS |
Vendor | ASUS ; Philips |
To obtain policy rule recommendations for devices in your network,
the firewall observes traffic to generate Enhanced Application logs
(EALs). The firewall then forwards the EALs to the logging service.
The IoT Security app receives logs from the logging service for
analysis, provides IP address-to-device mappings, and generates
the latest policy rule recommendations for
your devices. Using the IoT Security app, you can review these policy
rule recommendations and create a Security policy for these devices.
After you activate the policy rules in the IoT Security app, import
them to the firewall or Panorama and commit your Security policy.
The firewall must be able to observe DHCP broadcast and unicast
traffic on your network to identify devices with dynamically assigned
network settings. IoT Security also supports static IP devices.
The more traffic the firewall can observe, the more accurate the
policy rule recommendations are for the device and the more rapid
and accurate the IP address-to-device mappings are for the device.
When a device sends DHCP traffic to obtain an IP address, the firewall
observes this type of request, it generates EALs to send to the
logging service, where IoT Security accesses them for analysis.
To observe traffic on an L2 interface, you must configure
a VLAN for that interface. By allowing the firewall to treat the
interface as an L3 interface for a DHCP relay, it can observe the
DHCP broadcast traffic without impacting traffic or performance.
Because the firewall needs to both detect the devices based on
their traffic and then enforce Security policy for those devices,
the firewall acts as both a sensor to collect metadata
from devices and an enforcer by enforcing your Security
policy for the devices. The IoT Security app automatically detects
new devices as soon as they send DHCP traffic and can identify 95%
of devices within the first week.
Each application has an individual recommendation that you import
to the firewall or Panorama as a rule. When you import the recommendation,
the firewall or Panorama creates at least two objects to define
the device behavior from the recommendation:
- A source device object that identifies the device where the traffic originates
- One or more destination objects that identify the permitted destinations for the traffic, which can be a device, IP address, or Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN)
If any of the device objects already exist on the firewall or
Panorama, the firewall or Panorama updates the device object instead
of creating a new device objects. You can use these device objects
in Security, authentication, decryption, and Quality of Service
(QoS) policies.
Additionally, the firewall assigns two tags to each rule:
- One that identifies the source device, including the category (such asNetworkDevice - TrendNet).
- One that indicates that the rule is an IoT policy rule recommendation (IoTSecurityRecommended).
Because the tags that the firewall assigns to the rule are
the only way to restore your mappings if they become out of sync,
do not edit or remove the tags.
For optimal deployment and operation of Device-ID, we recommend
the following best practices:
- Deploy Device-ID on firewalls that are centrally located in your network. For example, if you have a large environment, deploy Device-ID on a firewall that is upstream from the IP address management (IPAM) device. If you have a small environment, deploy Device-ID on a firewall that is acting as a DHCP server.
- During initial deployment, allow Device-ID to collect metadata from your network for at least fourteen days. If devices are not active daily, the identification process may take longer.
- Write device-based policy in order of your most critical devices to least critical. Prioritize by:
- Class (secure networked devices first)
- Critical devices (such as servers or MRI machines)
- Environment-specific devices (such as fire alarms and badge readers)
- Consumer-facing IoT devices (such as a smart watch or smart speaker)
- Enable Device-ID on a per-zone basis for internal zones only.