Keys and Certificates
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Next-Generation Firewall Docs
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PAN-OS 11.1 & Later
- PAN-OS 11.1 & Later
- PAN-OS 11.0 (EoL)
- PAN-OS 10.2
- PAN-OS 10.1
- PAN-OS 10.0 (EoL)
- PAN-OS 9.1 (EoL)
- Cloud Management of NGFWs
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- Management Interfaces
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- Launch the Web Interface
- Use the Administrator Login Activity Indicators to Detect Account Misuse
- Manage and Monitor Administrative Tasks
- Commit, Validate, and Preview Firewall Configuration Changes
- Commit Selective Configuration Changes
- Export Configuration Table Data
- Use Global Find to Search the Firewall or Panorama Management Server
- Manage Locks for Restricting Configuration Changes
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- Define Access to the Web Interface Tabs
- Provide Granular Access to the Monitor Tab
- Provide Granular Access to the Policy Tab
- Provide Granular Access to the Objects Tab
- Provide Granular Access to the Network Tab
- Provide Granular Access to the Device Tab
- Define User Privacy Settings in the Admin Role Profile
- Restrict Administrator Access to Commit and Validate Functions
- Provide Granular Access to Global Settings
- Provide Granular Access to the Panorama Tab
- Provide Granular Access to Operations Settings
- Panorama Web Interface Access Privileges
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- Reset the Firewall to Factory Default Settings
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- Plan Your Authentication Deployment
- Pre-Logon for SAML Authentication
- Configure SAML Authentication
- Configure Kerberos Single Sign-On
- Configure Kerberos Server Authentication
- Configure TACACS+ Authentication
- Configure TACACS Accounting
- Configure RADIUS Authentication
- Configure LDAP Authentication
- Configure Local Database Authentication
- Configure an Authentication Profile and Sequence
- Test Authentication Server Connectivity
- Troubleshoot Authentication Issues
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- Keys and Certificates
- Default Trusted Certificate Authorities (CAs)
- Certificate Deployment
- Configure the Master Key
- Export a Certificate and Private Key
- Configure a Certificate Profile
- Configure an SSL/TLS Service Profile
- Configure an SSH Service Profile
- Replace the Certificate for Inbound Management Traffic
- Configure the Key Size for SSL Forward Proxy Server Certificates
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- HA Overview
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- Prerequisites for Active/Active HA
- Configure Active/Active HA
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- Use Case: Configure Active/Active HA with Route-Based Redundancy
- Use Case: Configure Active/Active HA with Floating IP Addresses
- Use Case: Configure Active/Active HA with ARP Load-Sharing
- Use Case: Configure Active/Active HA with Floating IP Address Bound to Active-Primary Firewall
- Use Case: Configure Active/Active HA with Source DIPP NAT Using Floating IP Addresses
- Use Case: Configure Separate Source NAT IP Address Pools for Active/Active HA Firewalls
- Use Case: Configure Active/Active HA for ARP Load-Sharing with Destination NAT
- Use Case: Configure Active/Active HA for ARP Load-Sharing with Destination NAT in Layer 3
- HA Clustering Overview
- HA Clustering Best Practices and Provisioning
- Configure HA Clustering
- Refresh HA1 SSH Keys and Configure Key Options
- HA Firewall States
- Reference: HA Synchronization
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- Use the Dashboard
- Monitor Applications and Threats
- Monitor Block List
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- Report Types
- View Reports
- Configure the Expiration Period and Run Time for Reports
- Disable Predefined Reports
- Custom Reports
- Generate Custom Reports
- Generate the SaaS Application Usage Report
- Manage PDF Summary Reports
- Generate User/Group Activity Reports
- Manage Report Groups
- Schedule Reports for Email Delivery
- Manage Report Storage Capacity
- View Policy Rule Usage
- Use External Services for Monitoring
- Configure Log Forwarding
- Configure Email Alerts
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- Configure Syslog Monitoring
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- Traffic Log Fields
- Threat Log Fields
- URL Filtering Log Fields
- Data Filtering Log Fields
- HIP Match Log Fields
- GlobalProtect Log Fields
- IP-Tag Log Fields
- User-ID Log Fields
- Decryption Log Fields
- Tunnel Inspection Log Fields
- SCTP Log Fields
- Authentication Log Fields
- Config Log Fields
- System Log Fields
- Correlated Events Log Fields
- GTP Log Fields
- Audit Log Fields
- Syslog Severity
- Custom Log/Event Format
- Escape Sequences
- Forward Logs to an HTTP/S Destination
- Firewall Interface Identifiers in SNMP Managers and NetFlow Collectors
- Monitor Transceivers
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- User-ID Overview
- Enable User-ID
- Map Users to Groups
- Enable User- and Group-Based Policy
- Enable Policy for Users with Multiple Accounts
- Verify the User-ID Configuration
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- App-ID Overview
- App-ID and HTTP/2 Inspection
- Manage Custom or Unknown Applications
- Safely Enable Applications on Default Ports
- Applications with Implicit Support
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- Prepare to Deploy App-ID Cloud Engine
- Enable or Disable the App-ID Cloud Engine
- App-ID Cloud Engine Processing and Policy Usage
- New App Viewer (Policy Optimizer)
- Add Apps to an Application Filter with Policy Optimizer
- Add Apps to an Application Group with Policy Optimizer
- Add Apps Directly to a Rule with Policy Optimizer
- Replace an RMA Firewall (ACE)
- Impact of License Expiration or Disabling ACE
- Commit Failure Due to Cloud Content Rollback
- Troubleshoot App-ID Cloud Engine
- Application Level Gateways
- Disable the SIP Application-level Gateway (ALG)
- Maintain Custom Timeouts for Data Center Applications
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- Decryption Overview
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- Keys and Certificates for Decryption Policies
- SSL Forward Proxy
- SSL Forward Proxy Decryption Profile
- SSL Inbound Inspection
- SSL Inbound Inspection Decryption Profile
- SSL Protocol Settings Decryption Profile
- SSH Proxy
- SSH Proxy Decryption Profile
- Profile for No Decryption
- SSL Decryption for Elliptical Curve Cryptography (ECC) Certificates
- Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS) Support for SSL Decryption
- SSL Decryption and Subject Alternative Names (SANs)
- TLSv1.3 Decryption
- High Availability Not Supported for Decrypted Sessions
- Decryption Mirroring
- Configure SSL Forward Proxy
- Configure SSL Inbound Inspection
- Configure SSH Proxy
- Configure Server Certificate Verification for Undecrypted Traffic
- Post-Quantum Cryptography Detection and Control
- Enable Users to Opt Out of SSL Decryption
- Temporarily Disable SSL Decryption
- Configure Decryption Port Mirroring
- Verify Decryption
- Activate Free Licenses for Decryption Features
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- Policy Types
- Policy Objects
- Track Rules Within a Rulebase
- Enforce Policy Rule Description, Tag, and Audit Comment
- Move or Clone a Policy Rule or Object to a Different Virtual System
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- External Dynamic List
- Built-in External Dynamic Lists
- Configure the Firewall to Access an External Dynamic List
- Retrieve an External Dynamic List from the Web Server
- View External Dynamic List Entries
- Exclude Entries from an External Dynamic List
- Enforce Policy on an External Dynamic List
- Find External Dynamic Lists That Failed Authentication
- Disable Authentication for an External Dynamic List
- Register IP Addresses and Tags Dynamically
- Use Dynamic User Groups in Policy
- Use Auto-Tagging to Automate Security Actions
- CLI Commands for Dynamic IP Addresses and Tags
- Application Override Policy
- Test Policy Rules
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- Network Segmentation Using Zones
- How Do Zones Protect the Network?
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PAN-OS 11.1 & Later
- PAN-OS 11.1 & Later
- PAN-OS 11.0 (EoL)
- PAN-OS 10.2
- PAN-OS 10.1
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- Tap Interfaces
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- Layer 2 and Layer 3 Packets over a Virtual Wire
- Port Speeds of Virtual Wire Interfaces
- LLDP over a Virtual Wire
- Aggregated Interfaces for a Virtual Wire
- Virtual Wire Support of High Availability
- Zone Protection for a Virtual Wire Interface
- VLAN-Tagged Traffic
- Virtual Wire Subinterfaces
- Configure Virtual Wires
- Configure a PPPoE Client on a Subinterface
- Configure an IPv6 PPPoE Client
- Configure an Aggregate Interface Group
- Configure Bonjour Reflector for Network Segmentation
- Use Interface Management Profiles to Restrict Access
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- DHCP Overview
- Firewall as a DHCP Server and Client
- Firewall as a DHCPv6 Client
- DHCP Messages
- Dynamic IPv6 Addressing on the Management Interface
- Configure an Interface as a DHCP Server
- Configure an Interface as a DHCPv4 Client
- Configure an Interface as a DHCPv6 Client with Prefix Delegation
- Configure the Management Interface as a DHCP Client
- Configure the Management Interface for Dynamic IPv6 Address Assignment
- Configure an Interface as a DHCP Relay Agent
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- DNS Overview
- DNS Proxy Object
- DNS Server Profile
- Multi-Tenant DNS Deployments
- Configure a DNS Proxy Object
- Configure a DNS Server Profile
- Use Case 1: Firewall Requires DNS Resolution
- Use Case 2: ISP Tenant Uses DNS Proxy to Handle DNS Resolution for Security Policies, Reporting, and Services within its Virtual System
- Use Case 3: Firewall Acts as DNS Proxy Between Client and Server
- DNS Proxy Rule and FQDN Matching
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- NAT Rule Capacities
- Dynamic IP and Port NAT Oversubscription
- Dataplane NAT Memory Statistics
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- Translate Internal Client IP Addresses to Your Public IP Address (Source DIPP NAT)
- Create a Source NAT Rule with Persistent DIPP
- PAN-OS
- Strata Cloud Manager
- Enable Clients on the Internal Network to Access your Public Servers (Destination U-Turn NAT)
- Enable Bi-Directional Address Translation for Your Public-Facing Servers (Static Source NAT)
- Configure Destination NAT with DNS Rewrite
- Configure Destination NAT Using Dynamic IP Addresses
- Modify the Oversubscription Rate for DIPP NAT
- Reserve Dynamic IP NAT Addresses
- Disable NAT for a Specific Host or Interface
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- Network Packet Broker Overview
- How Network Packet Broker Works
- Prepare to Deploy Network Packet Broker
- Configure Transparent Bridge Security Chains
- Configure Routed Layer 3 Security Chains
- Network Packet Broker HA Support
- User Interface Changes for Network Packet Broker
- Limitations of Network Packet Broker
- Troubleshoot Network Packet Broker
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- Enable Advanced Routing
- Logical Router Overview
- Configure a Logical Router
- Create a Static Route
- Configure BGP on an Advanced Routing Engine
- Create BGP Routing Profiles
- Create Filters for the Advanced Routing Engine
- Configure OSPFv2 on an Advanced Routing Engine
- Create OSPF Routing Profiles
- Configure OSPFv3 on an Advanced Routing Engine
- Create OSPFv3 Routing Profiles
- Configure RIPv2 on an Advanced Routing Engine
- Create RIPv2 Routing Profiles
- Create BFD Profiles
- Configure IPv4 Multicast
- Configure MSDP
- Create Multicast Routing Profiles
- Create an IPv4 MRoute
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PAN-OS 11.2
- PAN-OS 11.2
- PAN-OS 11.1
- PAN-OS 11.0 (EoL)
- PAN-OS 10.2
- PAN-OS 10.1
- PAN-OS 10.0 (EoL)
- PAN-OS 9.1 (EoL)
- PAN-OS 9.0 (EoL)
- PAN-OS 8.1 (EoL)
- Cloud Management and AIOps for NGFW
Keys and Certificates
To ensure trust between parties in a secure communication
session, Palo Alto Networks firewalls and Panorama use digital certificates.
Each certificate contains a cryptographic key to encrypt plaintext
or decrypt ciphertext. Each certificate also includes a digital
signature to authenticate the identity of the issuer. The issuer
must be in the list of trusted certificate authorities (CAs) of
the authenticating party. Optionally, the authenticating party verifies
the issuer did not revoke the certificate (see Certificate
Revocation).
Palo Alto Networks firewalls and Panorama use certificates in
the following applications:
- User authentication for Authentication Portal, multi-factor authentication (MFA), and web interface access to a firewall or Panorama.
- Device authentication for GlobalProtect VPN (remote user-to-site or large scale).
- Device authentication for IPSec site-to-site VPN with Internet Key Exchange (IKE).
- External dynamic list (EDL) validation.
- User-ID agent and TS agent access.
- Decrypting inbound and outbound SSL traffic.A firewall decrypts the traffic to apply policy rules, then re-encrypts it before forwarding the traffic to the final destination. For outbound traffic, the firewall acts as a forward proxy server, establishing an SSL/TLS connection to the destination server. To secure a connection between itself and the client, the firewall uses a signing certificate to automatically generate a copy of the destination server certificate.
The following table describes the keys and certificates that
Palo Alto Networks firewalls and Panorama use. As a best practice,
use different keys and certificates for each usage.
Key/Certificate Usage | Description |
---|---|
Administrative Access | Secure access to firewall or Panorama administration
interfaces (HTTPS access to the web interface) requires a server
certificate for the MGT interface (or a designated interface on
the dataplane if the firewall or Panorama does not use MGT) and,
optionally, a certificate to authenticate the administrator. |
Authentication Portal | In deployments where Authentication policy
identifies users who access HTTPS resources, designate a server
certificate for the Authentication Portal interface. If you configure
Authentication Portal to use certificates for identifying users
(instead of, or in addition to, interactive authentication), deploy
client certificates also. For more information on Authentication
Portal, see Map
IP Addresses to Usernames Using Authentication Portal. |
Forward Trust | For outbound SSL/TLS traffic, if a firewall
acting as a forward proxy trusts the CA that signed the certificate
of the destination server, the firewall uses the forward trust CA
certificate to generate a copy of the destination server certificate
to present to the client. To set the private key size, see Configure
the Key Size for SSL Forward Proxy Server Certificates. For
added security, store the key on a hardware security module (for
details, see Secure
Keys with a Hardware Security Module). |
Forward Untrust | For outbound SSL/TLS traffic, if a firewall
acting as a forward proxy does not trust the CA that signed the
certificate of the destination server, the firewall uses the forward
untrust CA certificate to generate a copy of the destination server
certificate to present to the client. |
SSL Inbound Inspection | The keys that decrypt inbound SSL/TLS traffic
for inspection and policy enforcement. For this application, import
onto the firewall a private key for each server that is subject
to SSL/TLS inbound inspection. See Configure
SSL Inbound Inspection. Beginning in PAN-OS 8.0,
firewalls use the Elliptic-Curve Diffie-Hellman Ephemeral (ECDHE)
algorithm to perform strict certificate checking. This means that
if the firewall uses an intermediate certificate, you must reimport
the certificate from your web server to the firewall after you upgrade
to a PAN-OS 8.0 or later release and combine the server certificate
with the intermediate certificate (install a chained certificate).
Otherwise, SSL Inbound Inspection sessions that have an intermediate
certificate in the chain will fail. To install a chained certificate:
|
GlobalProtect | All interaction among GlobalProtect components occurs
over SSL/TLS connections. Therefore, as part of the GlobalProtect deployment,
deploy server certificates for all GlobalProtect portals, gateways,
and Mobile Security Managers. Optionally, deploy certificates for
authenticating users also. The GlobalProtect Large
Scale VPN (LSVPN) feature requires a CA signing certificate. |
Site-to-Site VPNs (IKE) | In a site-to-site IPSec VPN deployment, peer devices use Internet Key Exchange (IKE) gateways to
establish a secure channel. IKE gateways use certificates or
preshared keys to authenticate the peers to each other. You configure and assign the
certificates or keys when defining an IKE gateway on a
firewall. |
Master Key | The firewall uses a master key to encrypt
all private keys and passwords. If your network requires a secure
location for storing private keys, you can use an encryption (wrapping)
key stored on a hardware security module (HSM) to encrypt the master
key. For details, see Encrypt
a Master Key Using an HSM. |
Secure Syslog | The certificate to enable secure connections
between the firewall and a syslog server. See Syslog
Field Descriptions. |
Trusted Root CA | The designation for a root certificate issued
by a CA that the firewall trusts. The firewall can use a self-signed
root CA certificate to automatically issue certificates for other
applications (for example, SSL
Forward Proxy). Also, if a firewall must establish
secure connections with other firewalls, the root CA that issues
their certificates must be in the list of trusted root CAs on the
firewall.
(Panorama managed firewalls) The Trusted Root
CA setting for a CA must be configured as part of
the template configuration, and not part of the template stack
configuration. If you configure the Trusted Root
CA setting for a CA as part of the template stack
configuration, the associated templates do not inherit the setting
for the CA. |
Inter-Device Communication | By default, Panorama, firewalls, and Log Collectors use a set of predefined certificates for the
SSL/TLS connections used for management and log forwarding. However,
you can enhance these connections by deploying custom certificates
to the devices in your deployment. These certificates can also be
used to secure the SSL/TLS connection between Panorama HA peers. |