Device-ID Overview
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Next-Generation Firewall Docs
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PAN-OS 10.0 (EoL)
- PAN-OS 11.1 & Later
- PAN-OS 11.0 (EoL)
- PAN-OS 10.2
- PAN-OS 10.1
- PAN-OS 10.0 (EoL)
- PAN-OS 9.1 (EoL)
- Cloud Management of NGFWs
-
- Management Interfaces
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- Launch the Web Interface
- Configure Banners, Message of the Day, and Logos
- Use the Administrator Login Activity Indicators to Detect Account Misuse
- Manage and Monitor Administrative Tasks
- Commit, Validate, and Preview Firewall Configuration Changes
- Export Configuration Table Data
- Use Global Find to Search the Firewall or Panorama Management Server
- Manage Locks for Restricting Configuration Changes
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- Define Access to the Web Interface Tabs
- Provide Granular Access to the Monitor Tab
- Provide Granular Access to the Policy Tab
- Provide Granular Access to the Objects Tab
- Provide Granular Access to the Network Tab
- Provide Granular Access to the Device Tab
- Define User Privacy Settings in the Admin Role Profile
- Restrict Administrator Access to Commit and Validate Functions
- Provide Granular Access to Global Settings
- Provide Granular Access to the Panorama Tab
- Provide Granular Access to Operations Settings
- Panorama Web Interface Access Privileges
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- Reset the Firewall to Factory Default Settings
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- Plan Your Authentication Deployment
- Configure SAML Authentication
- Configure Kerberos Single Sign-On
- Configure Kerberos Server Authentication
- Configure TACACS+ Authentication
- Configure RADIUS Authentication
- Configure LDAP Authentication
- Configure Local Database Authentication
- Configure an Authentication Profile and Sequence
- Test Authentication Server Connectivity
- Troubleshoot Authentication Issues
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- Keys and Certificates
- Default Trusted Certificate Authorities (CAs)
- Certificate Deployment
- Configure the Master Key
- Export a Certificate and Private Key
- Configure a Certificate Profile
- Configure an SSL/TLS Service Profile
- Configure an SSH Service Profile
- Replace the Certificate for Inbound Management Traffic
- Configure the Key Size for SSL Forward Proxy Server Certificates
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- HA Overview
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- Prerequisites for Active/Active HA
- Configure Active/Active HA
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- Use Case: Configure Active/Active HA with Route-Based Redundancy
- Use Case: Configure Active/Active HA with Floating IP Addresses
- Use Case: Configure Active/Active HA with ARP Load-Sharing
- Use Case: Configure Active/Active HA with Floating IP Address Bound to Active-Primary Firewall
- Use Case: Configure Active/Active HA with Source DIPP NAT Using Floating IP Addresses
- Use Case: Configure Separate Source NAT IP Address Pools for Active/Active HA Firewalls
- Use Case: Configure Active/Active HA for ARP Load-Sharing with Destination NAT
- Use Case: Configure Active/Active HA for ARP Load-Sharing with Destination NAT in Layer 3
- HA Clustering Overview
- HA Clustering Best Practices and Provisioning
- Configure HA Clustering
- Refresh HA1 SSH Keys and Configure Key Options
- HA Firewall States
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- Use the Dashboard
- Monitor Applications and Threats
- Monitor Block List
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- Report Types
- View Reports
- Configure the Expiration Period and Run Time for Reports
- Disable Predefined Reports
- Custom Reports
- Generate Custom Reports
- Generate the SaaS Application Usage Report
- Manage PDF Summary Reports
- Generate User/Group Activity Reports
- Manage Report Groups
- Schedule Reports for Email Delivery
- Manage Report Storage Capacity
- View Policy Rule Usage
- Use External Services for Monitoring
- Configure Log Forwarding
- Configure Email Alerts
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- Configure Syslog Monitoring
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- Traffic Log Fields
- Threat Log Fields
- URL Filtering Log Fields
- Data Filtering Log Fields
- HIP Match Log Fields
- GlobalProtect Log Fields
- IP-Tag Log Fields
- User-ID Log Fields
- Decryption Log Fields
- Tunnel Inspection Log Fields
- SCTP Log Fields
- Authentication Log Fields
- Config Log Fields
- System Log Fields
- Correlated Events Log Fields
- GTP Log Fields
- Syslog Severity
- Custom Log/Event Format
- Escape Sequences
- Forward Logs to an HTTP/S Destination
- Firewall Interface Identifiers in SNMP Managers and NetFlow Collectors
- Monitor Transceivers
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- User-ID Overview
- Enable User-ID
- Map Users to Groups
- Enable User- and Group-Based Policy
- Enable Policy for Users with Multiple Accounts
- Verify the User-ID Configuration
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- App-ID Overview
- App-ID and HTTP/2 Inspection
- Manage Custom or Unknown Applications
- Safely Enable Applications on Default Ports
- Applications with Implicit Support
- Application Level Gateways
- Disable the SIP Application-level Gateway (ALG)
- Maintain Custom Timeouts for Data Center Applications
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- Best Practices for Securing Your Network from Layer 4 and Layer 7 Evasions
- Set Up Antivirus, Anti-Spyware, and Vulnerability Protection
- Set Up File Blocking
- Prevent Brute Force Attacks
- Customize the Action and Trigger Conditions for a Brute Force Signature
- Enable Evasion Signatures
- Monitor Blocked IP Addresses
- Threat Signature Categories
- Create Threat Exceptions
- Custom Signatures
- Share Threat Intelligence with Palo Alto Networks
- Threat Prevention Resources
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- Decryption Overview
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- Keys and Certificates for Decryption Policies
- SSL Forward Proxy
- SSL Forward Proxy Decryption Profile
- SSL Inbound Inspection
- SSL Inbound Inspection Decryption Profile
- SSL Protocol Settings Decryption Profile
- SSH Proxy
- SSH Proxy Decryption Profile
- Profile for No Decryption
- SSL Decryption for Elliptical Curve Cryptography (ECC) Certificates
- Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS) Support for SSL Decryption
- SSL Decryption and Subject Alternative Names (SANs)
- TLSv1.3 Decryption
- High Availability Support for Decrypted Sessions
- Decryption Mirroring
- Configure SSL Forward Proxy
- Configure SSL Inbound Inspection
- Configure SSH Proxy
- Configure Server Certificate Verification for Undecrypted Traffic
- Enable Users to Opt Out of SSL Decryption
- Temporarily Disable SSL Decryption
- Configure Decryption Port Mirroring
- Verify Decryption
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- How Decryption Broker Works
- Layer 3 Security Chain Guidelines
- Configure Decryption Broker with One or More Layer 3 Security Chain
- Transparent Bridge Security Chain Guidelines
- Configure Decryption Broker with a Single Transparent Bridge Security Chain
- Configure Decryption Broker with Multiple Transparent Bridge Security Chains
- Activate Free Licenses for Decryption Features
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- About Palo Alto Networks URL Filtering Solution
- How Advanced URL Filtering Works
- URL Filtering Inline ML
- URL Filtering Use Cases
- Plan Your URL Filtering Deployment
- URL Filtering Best Practices
- Activate The Advanced URL Filtering Subscription
- Test URL Filtering Configuration
- Configure URL Filtering
- Configure URL Filtering Inline ML
- Log Only the Page a User Visits
- Create a Custom URL Category
- URL Category Exceptions
- Use an External Dynamic List in a URL Filtering Profile
- Allow Password Access to Certain Sites
- URL Filtering Response Pages
- Customize the URL Filtering Response Pages
- HTTP Header Logging
- Request to Change the Category for a URL
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- Tap Interfaces
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- Layer 2 and Layer 3 Packets over a Virtual Wire
- Port Speeds of Virtual Wire Interfaces
- LLDP over a Virtual Wire
- Aggregated Interfaces for a Virtual Wire
- Virtual Wire Support of High Availability
- Zone Protection for a Virtual Wire Interface
- VLAN-Tagged Traffic
- Virtual Wire Subinterfaces
- Configure Virtual Wires
- Configure an Aggregate Interface Group
- Configure Bonjour Reflector for Network Segmentation
- Use Interface Management Profiles to Restrict Access
- Virtual Routers
- Service Routes
- RIP
- Route Redistribution
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- DNS Overview
- DNS Proxy Object
- DNS Server Profile
- Multi-Tenant DNS Deployments
- Configure a DNS Proxy Object
- Configure a DNS Server Profile
- Use Case 1: Firewall Requires DNS Resolution
- Use Case 2: ISP Tenant Uses DNS Proxy to Handle DNS Resolution for Security Policies, Reporting, and Services within its Virtual System
- Use Case 3: Firewall Acts as DNS Proxy Between Client and Server
- DNS Proxy Rule and FQDN Matching
- Dynamic DNS Overview
- Configure Dynamic DNS for Firewall Interfaces
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- NAT Rule Capacities
- Dynamic IP and Port NAT Oversubscription
- Dataplane NAT Memory Statistics
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- Translate Internal Client IP Addresses to Your Public IP Address (Source DIPP NAT)
- Enable Clients on the Internal Network to Access your Public Servers (Destination U-Turn NAT)
- Enable Bi-Directional Address Translation for Your Public-Facing Servers (Static Source NAT)
- Configure Destination NAT with DNS Rewrite
- Configure Destination NAT Using Dynamic IP Addresses
- Modify the Oversubscription Rate for DIPP NAT
- Reserve Dynamic IP NAT Addresses
- Disable NAT for a Specific Host or Interface
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- Policy Types
- Policy Objects
- Track Rules Within a Rulebase
- Enforce Policy Rule Description, Tag, and Audit Comment
- Move or Clone a Policy Rule or Object to a Different Virtual System
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- External Dynamic List
- Built-in External Dynamic Lists
- Configure the Firewall to Access an External Dynamic List
- Retrieve an External Dynamic List from the Web Server
- View External Dynamic List Entries
- Exclude Entries from an External Dynamic List
- Enforce Policy on an External Dynamic List
- Find External Dynamic Lists That Failed Authentication
- Disable Authentication for an External Dynamic List
- Register IP Addresses and Tags Dynamically
- Use Dynamic User Groups in Policy
- Use Auto-Tagging to Automate Security Actions
- CLI Commands for Dynamic IP Addresses and Tags
- Test Policy Rules
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- Network Segmentation Using Zones
- How Do Zones Protect the Network?
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PAN-OS 11.1 & Later
- PAN-OS 11.1 & Later
- PAN-OS 11.0 (EoL)
- PAN-OS 10.2
- PAN-OS 10.1
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- Tap Interfaces
-
- Layer 2 and Layer 3 Packets over a Virtual Wire
- Port Speeds of Virtual Wire Interfaces
- LLDP over a Virtual Wire
- Aggregated Interfaces for a Virtual Wire
- Virtual Wire Support of High Availability
- Zone Protection for a Virtual Wire Interface
- VLAN-Tagged Traffic
- Virtual Wire Subinterfaces
- Configure Virtual Wires
- Configure a PPPoE Client on a Subinterface
- Configure an IPv6 PPPoE Client
- Configure an Aggregate Interface Group
- Configure Bonjour Reflector for Network Segmentation
- Use Interface Management Profiles to Restrict Access
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- DHCP Overview
- Firewall as a DHCP Server and Client
- Firewall as a DHCPv6 Client
- DHCP Messages
- Dynamic IPv6 Addressing on the Management Interface
- Configure an Interface as a DHCP Server
- Configure an Interface as a DHCPv4 Client
- Configure an Interface as a DHCPv6 Client with Prefix Delegation
- Configure the Management Interface as a DHCP Client
- Configure the Management Interface for Dynamic IPv6 Address Assignment
- Configure an Interface as a DHCP Relay Agent
-
- DNS Overview
- DNS Proxy Object
- DNS Server Profile
- Multi-Tenant DNS Deployments
- Configure a DNS Proxy Object
- Configure a DNS Server Profile
- Use Case 1: Firewall Requires DNS Resolution
- Use Case 2: ISP Tenant Uses DNS Proxy to Handle DNS Resolution for Security Policies, Reporting, and Services within its Virtual System
- Use Case 3: Firewall Acts as DNS Proxy Between Client and Server
- DNS Proxy Rule and FQDN Matching
-
- NAT Rule Capacities
- Dynamic IP and Port NAT Oversubscription
- Dataplane NAT Memory Statistics
-
- Translate Internal Client IP Addresses to Your Public IP Address (Source DIPP NAT)
- Create a Source NAT Rule with Persistent DIPP
- PAN-OS
- Strata Cloud Manager
- Enable Clients on the Internal Network to Access your Public Servers (Destination U-Turn NAT)
- Enable Bi-Directional Address Translation for Your Public-Facing Servers (Static Source NAT)
- Configure Destination NAT with DNS Rewrite
- Configure Destination NAT Using Dynamic IP Addresses
- Modify the Oversubscription Rate for DIPP NAT
- Reserve Dynamic IP NAT Addresses
- Disable NAT for a Specific Host or Interface
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- Network Packet Broker Overview
- How Network Packet Broker Works
- Prepare to Deploy Network Packet Broker
- Configure Transparent Bridge Security Chains
- Configure Routed Layer 3 Security Chains
- Network Packet Broker HA Support
- User Interface Changes for Network Packet Broker
- Limitations of Network Packet Broker
- Troubleshoot Network Packet Broker
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- Enable Advanced Routing
- Logical Router Overview
- Configure a Logical Router
- Create a Static Route
- Configure BGP on an Advanced Routing Engine
- Create BGP Routing Profiles
- Create Filters for the Advanced Routing Engine
- Configure OSPFv2 on an Advanced Routing Engine
- Create OSPF Routing Profiles
- Configure OSPFv3 on an Advanced Routing Engine
- Create OSPFv3 Routing Profiles
- Configure RIPv2 on an Advanced Routing Engine
- Create RIPv2 Routing Profiles
- Create BFD Profiles
- Configure IPv4 Multicast
- Configure MSDP
- Create Multicast Routing Profiles
- Create an IPv4 MRoute
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PAN-OS 11.2
- PAN-OS 11.2
- PAN-OS 11.1
- PAN-OS 11.0 (EoL)
- PAN-OS 10.2
- PAN-OS 10.1
- PAN-OS 10.0 (EoL)
- PAN-OS 9.1 (EoL)
- PAN-OS 9.0 (EoL)
- PAN-OS 8.1 (EoL)
- Cloud Management and AIOps for NGFW
End-of-Life (EoL)
Device-ID Overview
Learn about Device-ID.
According to the 2020 Unit 42 IoT Threat Report,
30% of all network-connected devices in an average enterprise are
IoT. This presents a constantly growing area of risk with many possibilities
for exploitation by malicious users. Additionally, once you identify
these devices, how do you secure them from vulnerabilities such
as outdated operating software? Using Device-ID™ on your firewall
or to push policy from Panorama, you can get device context for
events on your network, obtain policy rule recommendations for those
devices, write policies based on devices, and enforce Security policy
based on the recommendations.
Similar to how User-ID provides user-based policy and App-ID
provides app-based policy, Device-ID provides policy rules that
are based on a device, regardless of changes to its IP address or
location. By providing traceability for devices and associating
network events with specific devices, Device-ID allows you to gain
context for how events relate to devices and write policies that
are associated with devices, instead of users, locations, or IP
addresses, which can change over time. You can use Device-ID in
Security, Decryption, Quality of Service (QoS) and Authentication
policies.
For Device-ID features to be available on a firewall, you must
purchase an IoT Security subscription and select the firewall during
the IoT Security onboarding process. There
are two types of IoT Security subscriptions:
- IoT Security Subscription
- IoT Security – Doesn’t Require Data Lake (DRDL) Subscription
With the first subscription, firewalls send data logs to the
logging service, which streams them to IoT Security for analysis
and to a Cortex Data Lake instance
for storage. The data lake instance can either be a new or existing
one. With the second subscription, firewalls send data logs to the logging
service, which streams them to IoT Security for analysis but not
to a Cortex Data Lake instance for storage. It’s important to note
that both IoT Security and IoT Security (DRDL) subscriptions provide
the same functionality in terms of IoT Security and Device-ID.
To permit connections to IoT Security, a firewall needs a device
license; and to permit connections to the logging service, it needs
a logging service license. A firewall running PAN-OS 8.1-10.0 also
requires a device certificate to authenticate itself when connecting
to IoT Security and a logging service certificate to authenticate
itself when connecting to the logging service.
For information about installing device and logging service
certificates, see Prepare Your Firewall for IoT
Security.
If you use PAN-OS version 8.1.0 through PAN-OS 9.1.x on a firewall,
the IoT Security license provides device classification, behavior
analysis, and threat analysis for your devices. If you use PAN-OS
10.0 or later, you can use Device-ID to obtain IP address-to-device
mappings to view device context for network events, use IoT Security
to obtain policy rule recommendations for these devices, and gain
visibility for devices in reports and the ACC.
You can create a device-based Security policy on any Panorama
or firewall that uses PAN-OS version 10.0 or later. To enforce the
Security policy, the device must have a valid IoT Security license.
To identify and classify devices, the IoT Security app uses metadata
from logs, network protocols, and sessions on the firewall. This
does not include private or sensitive information or data that is
not relevant for device identification. Metadata also forms the
basis of the expected behavior for the device, which then establishes
the criteria for the policy rule recommendation that defines what
traffic and protocols to allow for that device.
When a firewall imports security policy rule recommendations
and IP address-to-device mappings from IoT Security, the firewall
sends its device certificate to
an edge server to authenticate itself. The edge server authenticates
itself to the firewall by sending its own certificate. The firewall
uses Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) to validate the server’s
certificate by checking it against the following sites using HTTP
on TCP port 80:
- ocsp.int-x3.letsencrypt.org
- isrg.trustid.ocscp.identrust.com
- crl.identrust.com
Panorama performs the same check to validate the edge server’s
certificate when Panorama imports policy rule recommendations from
IoT Security.
After IoT Security identifies and classifies the devices in your
network using the Palo Alto Networks firewalls already in your network,
so you don’t have to implement new devices or third-party solutions,
Device-ID can leverage this data to match devices with policy rules
and provide device context for network events. Through the visibility
that the firewall or Panorama provides for traffic, apps, users,
devices, and threats, you can instantly trace network events back
to individual devices and obtain Security policy rule recommendations
for securing those devices.
All firewall platforms that support PAN-OS 10.0 support Device-ID
and the IoT Security app with the exception of the VM-50 series,
the VM-200, and the CN series.
There are six levels of classification (also known as attributes)
for devices:
Attribute | Example |
---|---|
Category | Printer |
Profile | Sharp Printer |
Model | MX-6070N |
OS Version | ThreadX 5 |
OS Family | ThreadX RTOS |
Vendor | SHARP Corporation |
To obtain policy rule recommendations for devices in your network,
the firewall observes traffic to generate Enhanced Application logs
(EALs). The firewall then forwards the EALs to the logging service.
The IoT Security app receives logs from the logging service for
analysis, provides IP address-to-device mappings, and generates
the latest policy rule recommendations for
your devices. Using the IoT Security app, you can review these policy rule
recommendations and create a Security policy for these devices.
After you activate the policy rules in the IoT Security app, import
them to the firewall or Panorama and commit your Security policy.
The firewall must be able to observe DHCP broadcast and unicast
traffic on your network to identify devices with dynamically assigned
network settings. IoT Security also supports static IP devices.
The more traffic the firewall can observe, the more accurate the
policy rule recommendations are for the device and the more rapid
and accurate the IP address-to-device mappings are for the device.
When a device sends DHCP traffic to obtain an IP address, the firewall
observes this type of request, it generates EALs to send to the
logging service, where IoT Security accesses them for analysis.
To observe traffic on an L2 interface, you must configure
a VLAN for that interface. By allowing the firewall to treat the
interface as an L3 interface for a DHCP relay, it can observe the
DHCP broadcast traffic without impacting traffic or performance.
Because the firewall needs to both detect the devices based on
their traffic and then enforce Security policy for those devices,
the firewall acts as both a sensor to collect metadata
from devices and an enforcer by enforcing your Security
policy for the devices. The IoT Security app automatically detects
new devices as soon as they send DHCP traffic and can identify 95%
of devices within the first week.
Each application has an individual recommendation that you import
to the firewall or Panorama as a rule. When you import the recommendation,
the firewall or Panorama creates at least two objects to define
the device behavior from the recommendation:
- A source device object that identifies the device where the traffic originates
- One or more destination objects that identify the permitted destinations for the traffic, which can be a device, IP address, or Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN)
If any of the device objects already exist on the firewall or
Panorama, the firewall or Panorama updates the device object instead
of creating a new device objects. You can use these device objects
in Security, authentication, decryption, and Quality of Service
(QoS) policies.
Additionally, the firewall assigns two tags to each rule:
- One that identifies the source device, including the category (such as NetworkDevice - TrendNet).
- One that indicates that the rule is an IoT policy rule recommendation (IoTSecurityRecommended).
Because the tags that the firewall assigns to the rule are
the only way to restore your mappings if they become out of sync,
do not edit or remove the tags.
For optimal deployment and operation of Device-ID, we recommend
the following best practices:
- Deploy Device-ID on firewalls that are centrally located in your network. For example, if you have a large environment, deploy Device-ID on a firewall that is upstream from the IP address management (IPAM) device. If you have a small environment, deploy Device-ID on a firewall that is acting as a DHCP server.
- During initial deployment, allow Device-ID to collect metadata from your network for at least fourteen days. If devices are not active daily, the identification process may take longer.
- Write device-based policy in order of your most critical devices
to least critical. Prioritize by:
- Class (secure networked devices first)
- Critical devices (such as servers or MRI machines)
- Environment-specific devices (such as fire alarms and badge readers)
- Consumer-facing IoT devices (such as a smart watch or smart speaker)
- Enable Device-ID on a per-zone basis for internal zones only.